For more than 100 years, managers have relied on four basic duties: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. These ideas were created in a time when businesses were stable and predictable, so managers could assume that markets, company structures, and performance systems would be mostly the same. Today’s workplaces are totally different. They face constant change, uncertainty, and complexity. As Esenyel states, modern leaders cannot keep up with fast digital advances and diverse teams. The old management functions are still useful, but the old ways of viewing them no longer fit the reality of today’s organizations.